History
Resistance was strong in western Igboland where a series of wars were waged against the British. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. Their forces, which were drawn from thousands of Igbo youth from all parts of igboland, created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. The Ekumeku, however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism.
The Ekumeku Movement is unique in Igbo history for two reasons. First, the length of time the movement endured, comprising Military campaigns over a period of thirty one years. Secondly it is the outstanding example in Igbo Civilization of an attempt to unite previously disunited states to resist the invader. You have seen that one crucial reason for Igbo defeat was the great discrepancy of scale between the average Igbo community and the colonial invader. The British decided on a preemptive strike, and in December, 1902 sent a powerful expedition which systematically destroyed a number of towns and imprisoned their leaders. This, it was assumed, was the end of the Ekumeku.."the Ekumeku and other secret societies have been completely broken".
In 1904, the Ekumeku rose again. This time the changed their tactics, mistakenly, it would seem in retrospect, abandoning the united guerilla warfare of 1898 for the individual defense of each town. The last act of the Eureka drama began in late 1909. The occasion was a succession dispute in Ogwashi-Uku. One of the claimants, Nzekwe, the son of the last Obi, feared that the British would deprive him of his throne, and decided to fight for his inheritance.
On November 2, 1909, the British sent an expedition to Ogwashi-Uku to kill everyone in Ogwashi-Uku but they failed in the expedition. The British perceived, in the whole Asaba hinterland, a sympathy with the Ekumeku, and a disposition to throw off government authority. In 1911, there was a final round-up of Ekumeku leaders in various towns that was followed, once more, by imprisonments.
The acting lieutenant-governor of the southern provinces sent an agitated telegram to Lagos: "Whole country is above area...is the state of rebellion." Reinforcements arrived from Lokoja, and the British proceeded to a confrontation at Akegbe. We quote both the contemporary British accounts of the battle at Nkwo market.
The war
With the invasion of Ndoni in 1870 and bombardment of Onicha-Ado (Onitsha) on November 2, 1897, the stage was set for the Ekumeku war that engulfed the whole of western Igbo region. The Royal Niger Company (RNC) commandered by Major Festing engaged Ibusa in 1898, and in 1904 it was the people of Owa/Ukwunzu against the British in a war that W. E. B. Crawford Coupland requested for more arms to crush the western Igbo communities. Owa would once again engage the British in 1906 in battle that S. O. Crewe lost his own life. On November 2, 1909, it was finally the turn of Ogwashi-Ukwu who matched the British. In this war the British sustained many casualties with the death of H. C. Chapman.
Aftermath
Although the Ekumeku failed in 1914, but the western Igbo treasure their memory as imperishable legacy. Heroes included Dunkwu Isus of Onicha-Olona, Nwabuzo Iyogolo of Ogwashi-Ukwu, Awuno Ugbo, Obi of Akumazi, Agbambu Oshue of Igbuzo, Idabor of Issele-Ukwu, Ochei Nwayazia of Onicha-Olona, Abuzu of Idumuje-Unor, Idegwu Otokpoike of Ubulu-Ukwu are still remembered in Western Igboland. The Ekemeku War is one of the greatest resistances to the British empire and inspired later rebellions such as the Mau Mau of Kenya.
Resistance was strong in western Igboland where a series of wars were waged against the British. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. Their forces, which were drawn from thousands of Igbo youth from all parts of igboland, created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. The Ekumeku, however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism.
The Ekumeku Movement is unique in Igbo history for two reasons. First, the length of time the movement endured, comprising Military campaigns over a period of thirty one years. Secondly it is the outstanding example in Igbo Civilization of an attempt to unite previously disunited states to resist the invader. You have seen that one crucial reason for Igbo defeat was the great discrepancy of scale between the average Igbo community and the colonial invader. The British decided on a preemptive strike, and in December, 1902 sent a powerful expedition which systematically destroyed a number of towns and imprisoned their leaders. This, it was assumed, was the end of the Ekumeku.."the Ekumeku and other secret societies have been completely broken".
In 1904, the Ekumeku rose again. This time the changed their tactics, mistakenly, it would seem in retrospect, abandoning the united guerilla warfare of 1898 for the individual defense of each town. The last act of the Eureka drama began in late 1909. The occasion was a succession dispute in Ogwashi-Uku. One of the claimants, Nzekwe, the son of the last Obi, feared that the British would deprive him of his throne, and decided to fight for his inheritance.
On November 2, 1909, the British sent an expedition to Ogwashi-Uku to kill everyone in Ogwashi-Uku but they failed in the expedition. The British perceived, in the whole Asaba hinterland, a sympathy with the Ekumeku, and a disposition to throw off government authority. In 1911, there was a final round-up of Ekumeku leaders in various towns that was followed, once more, by imprisonments.
The acting lieutenant-governor of the southern provinces sent an agitated telegram to Lagos: "Whole country is above area...is the state of rebellion." Reinforcements arrived from Lokoja, and the British proceeded to a confrontation at Akegbe. We quote both the contemporary British accounts of the battle at Nkwo market.
The war
With the invasion of Ndoni in 1870 and bombardment of Onicha-Ado (Onitsha) on November 2, 1897, the stage was set for the Ekumeku war that engulfed the whole of western Igbo region. The Royal Niger Company (RNC) commandered by Major Festing engaged Ibusa in 1898, and in 1904 it was the people of Owa/Ukwunzu against the British in a war that W. E. B. Crawford Coupland requested for more arms to crush the western Igbo communities. Owa would once again engage the British in 1906 in battle that S. O. Crewe lost his own life. On November 2, 1909, it was finally the turn of Ogwashi-Ukwu who matched the British. In this war the British sustained many casualties with the death of H. C. Chapman.
Aftermath
Although the Ekumeku failed in 1914, but the western Igbo treasure their memory as imperishable legacy. Heroes included Dunkwu Isus of Onicha-Olona, Nwabuzo Iyogolo of Ogwashi-Ukwu, Awuno Ugbo, Obi of Akumazi, Agbambu Oshue of Igbuzo, Idabor of Issele-Ukwu, Ochei Nwayazia of Onicha-Olona, Abuzu of Idumuje-Unor, Idegwu Otokpoike of Ubulu-Ukwu are still remembered in Western Igboland. The Ekemeku War is one of the greatest resistances to the British empire and inspired later rebellions such as the Mau Mau of Kenya.
